Manufacture of artificial fuel.



UNrrnD smrns PATENT OFFICE AYAXIJU WARREN l-ltRSl-IY VIVIAN, OI" LONDON, ENGLAND, ASSIGXOR TO THE (0M POSITE Flfl'IL SYNDltL-X'lli LIMITED, ()1 LONDON, ENGLi-lXl-L MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FUEL.

Specification of LettersPatent.

Patented Oct. 6, 1908.

Application filed November 24, 1906. Serial No. 344,913.

To all 'tlfloill it may concern:

Be it known that I, AVANDO WARREN HL'ssEY VIVIAN, engineer, a subject of the King of Great Britain, residing at London, England, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in or Relating to the Mann-- facture of Artificial Fuel, of which the following is a specification This invention relates to artificial fuel and has for its object to produce a fuel which can be made of high calorific value if desired and having numerous :nlvantages such as cheapness of pro .luct.ion,-non-liability to ln'eakage or disintegration in handling or transportation,'whieh is nonhygroscopic and which during combustion will retain its formation, will not tend to form, clinker in the furnace, and will leave only a small percentage of ash, ct-ca According to the present ii'ivention I proceed as follows and employ the, following componentsz tl) (arbonaceous material usually coal or if desired lignittg'brown coal, coke, peat, or the like may be used---in a more or less -Iinely divided condition; all of which materials for the sake of brevity I will hereinafter refer to as "carbonaceous mate rial. (2) Lime or chalk. (3) Water. (4) Oil; waste oil or residuum, astatki, mazout, creosote oil, fuel oil, solar or intermediate oil, or other liquid lry'drOcarbons such as crude petroleum oil, etc. (all ofwhich for the sake of brevity I will hereinafter refer to as the i oil) which has been specially treated as hereinafter specified. (5) A special binder or cementitious material as hereinafter defined.

The lime or chalk may in some cases be dispensed with.

According to my inventionI treat the oil with certain materials thereby increasing the density or viscosity thereof before incorporating it with the aforesaid fuel com )onents and I. emply therefor any suitable chemical means for example I mix with the oil either suitable manganese or alkaline salts or sulfates such as manganese borate or hydroxid or sulfate or potassium or sodium hydroxid or carbonate or sulfate or horate, or barium super-oxid or sodium chlorid or nitric acid or .I advantageously treat the oil by sulfurizing it and in practice I, have obtained excellent results by employing chlorid of sulfur for this purpos i l l l i t The cementitious material according to this invention. is a magnesia cement i. e. a cement which is made essentially of a chlorid advantageously chlorid of magnesium and calcined magnesitc, these two substances being brought together under suitable conditions and with the addition of other salts or oxids either with or without acids as has heretofore been done in. the preparation of magnesia cements.

The calcined magnesitc should advantageously contain a percentage of carbonic acid say from to 5%] and should be mixed with the Rcquisite amount of magnesium chlorid. Instead of or in addition to the magnesium chlorid other salts or acids may be used such as calcium chlorid, barium chlorid, or zinc chlorid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid or acetic acid.

The quick binding properties of such a cementitious material may be improved by the addition of ammonia, sahtmmoniac, carbonate of ammonia, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, Epsom salts, or Glauber salts and the nonhygroscopic qualities may be improved by the addition of chlorid of lead, sugar of lead, silica, silicate of sodium or potassium.

An aih'antageous method of making such a ceinentitious material suitable for the purpose of using in artificial fuel according to this invention is to take powdered'magnesite act thereon with sufficient hydrochloric acid to transform a portion say half the Inagnesite into magnesium chlorid and add a certain percentage of a silicate such as sili- (rate of soda (say 1% to 5%). Then calcine the mixture at a low temperature in order to retain a percentage of carbonic acid.

The proportions may be varied within wide limits.

In practice I have found excellent results are obtained. by employing as my cementitious material a material of the aforesaid character which is now' on the market and is known connnercially as Petritite. For the sake of brevity 1 will hereinafter refer to all such cementitious materials as magnesite cement.

The proportion of the various components of the fuel especially the oil will de pend upon the calorific value whichit may be desired to impart to the fuel and also will depend to some extent upon the character and calorific Coal dust 65% 307 Byueight.

Magnesite cement 2% About 10% of water added to above.

- Or the following proportions of the components may be employed 80 8.1 dustQ 8857 Magnesite cement- About ten per cent. of water added to the above.

The above are merely given as illustrations and I do not confine myself in any way to the proportions stated.

In the case of the magnesite cement I have found 2% suitable Whatever percentage of oil is employed but I may use a greater or less percentage of such magnesite cement if desired.

Now in making fuel according to this invention I find it advantageous that the liquids should be heated separately from the solids and that the liquids and the solids should be heated to different'degrees (namely I find it advantageous to heat the solids to a higher degree of temperature than the liquids) before their incorporation with one another and by following out the hereinafter described process an artificial fuel having the abovementioned properties may readily be made from the above components Taking the solids first ;The coal in any suitable comminuted conditionadvanta geously in a finely powdered stateis placed by itself into a convenient receptacle, and in' another receptacle I place the magnesite cement and (if used) the chalk; and I pass the contents of both these'receptacles in a mixed condition through a grinding and mixing machine so that they may be ground tomixing machine.

gether and thoroughly incorporated; or said materials may be ground separately and thereafter thoroughly mixed in any suitable This mixture is then passed through a superheaterso constructed and arranged to act that every part of the mixture may become evenly heated (or as evenly heated as possible) throughout the mass; or this heating can be effected simultaneously with the mixing. If desired this thorough heating can be effected by the introduction of steam into the mass and in that case the amount of water added in the sired and according to varying circumstances with about i-% to l%% of commercial sulfur 'chlorid (SCl and after bein stirred up is then ready for use. The oi havin been treated as aforesaid and water and (if used) lime or chalk, in the aforesaid or other suitable proportions are placed in a mixin and heating vessel such as a steam jacketed mixer where they are mixed and heated until they become thoroughly incorporated and the emulsion thus formed is heated to a suitable temperature which advantageously is less than the temperature to which the mass of solid materials is heated as aforesaidthus when the solids are heated u to a term perature of say 350 F. as aforesald then this emulsion or body may advantageously be heated u to say 300 F. or thereabouts. The emu sion or body thus heated, and the mixture of solids heated as aforesaid, are then brought together and thoroughly mixed and incorporated in any suitable manner-- as for example the said two bodies may be proportionately (and continuously) fed together and thoroughly mixed and the com- 'tion (or vice-versa) and this eiarge t10l oughly stirred and mixed and then discharged, and the combined mass then passed throu h a plodder'to the mold-wheel or other suitab e ress or briquetting machine and there made up into briquets of any suitable form and size as desired.

By the foregoing process I have manufactured excellent briquets from various kinds of coal (bituminous or anthracite or an ad mixture of both) with varying ro ortions of the specially treated oil namefy have sue cessfully made briquets with 7 J;- O of the specially treated oil up to as much as 40% of t e specially treated oil and with various proportions between 7%% and 40% but I do not limit myself to these amounts as being the minimum and maximum.

As the result of my experiments it appears to me that in carrying out my invention vulcanization is in some cases obtained in the resultant fuel e. g. when the oil is treated with cosy such cooling if desired being artificial y effeet-ed or accelerated by any 'suitablc apparatus. I

What I claim is 5-- 1. An artificial fuel in the form of briquets composed of carbonaceous material in a state of fine division; oil mixed with a suitable salt to increase its viscosity; lime; a cement consisting of chlorid of magnesium and calcinedmagnesite suitably treated and containing substai'itially from.2 percent. to 5 per cent. carbonic acid, and sufficient water to bind all the parts together under pressure, substantially as described.

2. An artificial fuel in the form of briqucts consisting of a compressed mixture of the following substances and in substantially the following proportions, coal dust 5 per cent.; oil treated with a suitable salt to increase its viscosity 30 per cent. lime 3 per cent. ;.chlorid of magnesium and calcined magncsiteniixcd with suitable other salts to form a cement and containing substantially 2 perv cent. to 5 per cent. carbonic acid and-,suflicient water to bind all the parts together, substantially as described.

3. The method of making artificial fuel comprising the mixing and heating together of carbonaceous material and a magncsite cement in a finely divided condition, the mixing and heating together of specially sulfurizcd oil and water, and the mixing together of the resultant masses, substantially as hercinbcforc set forth.

4. The method of making artificial fuel comprising the mixing and heating together of cnrboimccous material, and a magncsite cement and chalk, in a finely divided condi tion, the mixing and heating together of specially sulfurizcd oil and water and lime, and the mixing together of theresultant masses, substantially as hereinbcforc set forth.

5. The method of making artificial fuel which comprises the mixing and heating of cnrbonaccmis material and a magncsite ccmcnt, in a finely divided condition, the separate mixing and hcatingofoil whichhas been previously subjected to a sulfurizing process and water, and the mixing together of the resultant masses, substantially as and for the purposes licrcinbcfm'c set forth.

l i l 6. Themethod of making artificial fuel which comprises the mixing and heating of carbonaceous material, and amagnesite cement and chalk in a finely divided condition, the separate mixing and heating of oil which has been previously subjected to a sulfuriz- :ing process and water and lime, and the mixing together of the resultant masses, substantially as and for the purposes herein- -bcfore set forth.

7. The method of makmg artificial fuel, .which comprises the mixing and heating of carbonaceous material am the magnesite cement known as petrilite, in a finely divided condition, the separate mixing and heating of a petroleum oil which has been subjected to the action of chlorid of sulfur and water, and the mixing together of the resultant masses, substantially as and for the purposes hereinbefore set forth.

8. The method of making artificial fuel, which comprises the mixing and heating of carbonaceous material and the magncsite cement known as petrifite, in a finely divided condition, the separate mixing and heating of a petroleum oil which has been subjected to the action of chlorid of sulfur and water and lime, and the mixing together of the re sultanl' masses, substantially as and for the purposes hcrcinbcforc set forth.

9. In the process of manufacturing artificial fuel from carbonaceous material and other components, the step of sulfurizing the oil which forms one of said components of said fuel before said oil is added to the carbonaceous material.

10. In the process of manufacturing artificial fuel from carbonaceous material and other components, the step of sulfurizing the oil which forms one of said components of said fuel before said oil is added to the carbonaceous material and after the admixture of said sulfurized oil with said components then applying heat thereto.

1.1. In the manufacture of artificial fuel-' the employment of oil which has been specially treated with chlorid of sulfur previous to'its incorporation with any of the other components of the fuel, substantially as and for the purposes hereinbefore set forth.

12. An artificial fuel made of carbonaceous material, water, specially sulfurized oil, and a magnesite cement.

In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand in presence of two witnesses.

AVAh'llt) 'Alilllfh' lll Sb'l'lY \'l\'l.'\.\'.

\Vitnesscs:

lluxnr BIRKBEUK. ll. 1). Jz MEsoN. 

